INTEGRATED PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF SERUM UREA, LIPID PROFILE, AND CARDIO-RENAL-METABOLIC BIOMARKERS ON SHORT-TERM SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Keywords:
Cardiovascular disease, Cholesterol, Serum urea, Prognosis, Survival..Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a cause of morbidity and mortality, and outcomes may reflect interacting lipid, renal, inflammatory, and metabolic abnormalities. Serum urea is used to assess renal and volume status, while lipid measurements are central to cardiovascular risk assessment. This study assessed associations of serum urea, lipid profile, and cardio-renal-metabolic biomarkers with short-term survival in patients with CVD.
Methods: This prospective observational cohort study included 280 adults with CVD recruited consecutively at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. Demographic and clinical information and laboratory results, including serum urea, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein, were recorded. Participants were followed for outcomes. Continuous variables were compared between outcome groups, and categorical variables were assessed using chi-square tests.
Results: Mean age was 56.52 ± 11.69 years, and 63.6% of participants were male. During follow-up, 237 participants (84.6%) survived and 43 (15.4%) died. Mean serum urea was 45.96 ± 15.28 mg/dL among survivors and 47.79 ± 15.37 mg/dL among non-survivors; the difference was not significant (p = 0.475). Mean total cholesterol was 202.90 ± 34.49 mg/dL in survivors and 215.52 ± 36.97 mg/dL in non-survivors, a significant difference (p = 0.042). No significant associations with outcome were observed for categorical variables.
Conclusion: In this cohort, total cholesterol differed significantly by short-term survival status, whereas serum urea did not. These findings support evaluating cardio-renal-metabolic markers together, while larger studies with longer follow-up and multivariable analyses are needed to determine prognostic value. clinical
