FISH GUT MICROBIOME IN AQUACULTURE: ROLE IN NUTRITION, IMMUNITY, AND DISEASE RESISTANCE: A REVIEW

Abstract

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food sectors, providing a major source of animal protein throughout the world. However, its productivity is often challenged by feed inefficiency, disease outbreaks and environmental stress. The fish gut microbiome has emerged as a vital factor linking diet, immunity and disease resistance. It consists of diverse beneficial microorganisms that aid in nutrient digestion, vitamin synthesis and the development of a strong immune system while also preventing the growth of harmful pathogens. A balanced microbiota improves feed conversion, growth performance and overall fish health. In contrast, an imbalance or dysbiosis in gut microbes may lead to poor digestion and higher disease susceptibility. Recent research highlights use of probiotics, prebiotics and functional feeds to modulate the gut microbiome, that improve disease resistance naturally. Understanding these microbial interactions provides new opportunities for sustainable aquaculture and eco-friendly fish health management.