SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERED NANOFIBERS AND HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES FOR CO₂ CAPTURE, CONVERSION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Nanomaterials have emerged as promising advanced materials for addressing critical environmental challenges associated with ecosystem degradation and global warming. Increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), have intensified concerns regarding climate change and environmental sustainability. This review comprehensively examines recent advances in the application of nanomaterials for CO₂ capture, reduction, and conversion into value-added products and fuels. Particular emphasis is placed on nanomaterial-assisted CO₂ conversion technologies, including photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, thermostatic, and other emerging conversion approaches. The review further discusses the fundamental mechanisms, catalytic properties, and performance of different nanomaterials, along with the influence of their structural, surface, and physicochemical characteristics on CO₂ conversion efficiency. In addition, the major challenges associated with nanomaterial synthesis, stability, selectivity, scalability, energy consumption, cost, environmental safety, and potential toxicity are critically evaluated. Finally, future research perspectives and opportunities are highlighted to facilitate the development of efficient, sustainable, economically viable, and environmentally safe nanomaterial-based technologies for CO₂ mitigation and conversion.