CLIMATE-RESILIENT URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE FRAMEWORK USING GIS-BASED SPATIAL PLANNING, GREEN BUILDING DESIGN, AND MULTI-HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND RESILIENT COMMUNITIES

Abstract

Urban centers concentrate populations, economic activities, and critical infrastructure in spatial configurations that intensify exposure to flooding, extreme heat, seismic hazards, and compound climate risks. This study develops and validates a Climate-Resilient Urban Infrastructure Framework integrating GIS-based spatial planning, multi-hazard risk assessment, green infrastructure optimization, and green building design within a unified decision-support architecture. The framework was applied to a metropolitan case study covering 1,240 km², five municipal districts, approximately 186,000 buildings, and 4.2 million residents. Flood inundation modelling, urban heat-island mapping, seismic vulnerability assessment, social exposure analysis, building-energy simulation, and GIS-based green infrastructure allocation were jointly implemented. Results showed that 34.8% of the building stock was located within high or critical multi-hazard risk zones, while informal settlements exhibited mean composite risk levels 3.2 times higher than formally planned districts.

The integrated intervention strategy generated substantial environmental, infrastructural, and economic improvements. Optimized green infrastructure reduced peak stormwater runoff by 28.4%, lowered mean urban heat-island intensity by 2.8°C, and provided approximately 42,400 tCO₂/year of additional carbon sequestration. Green building optimization achieved a weighted mean 47.2% reduction in energy use intensity, while coordinated framework implementation increased the composite urban resilience index from 0.38 to 0.76. The integrated approach also generated a 34.7% resilience improvement beyond the additive benefits of independently implemented components, confirming strong non-linear synergies between spatial planning, green buildings, and multi-hazard management. Economic assessment indicated a 3.4-fold 30-year benefit–cost ratio with an estimated 11-year payback period, demonstrating the financial viability of integrated resilience investment. Overall, the findings demonstrate that coordinated GIS-based planning, green infrastructure, and climate-responsive building design can substantially reduce urban hazard exposure while improving energy efficiency, environmental performance, social equity, and long-term resilience